Pelvic organ prolapse is a condition that occurs when the muscles and tissues that support the pelvic organs weaken or become stretched, causing one or more of the organs (such as the bladder, uterus, or rectum) to descend or bulge into the vagina. This happens due to a loss of support from the pelvic floor muscles, which normally keep the organs in their proper position.
Several factors can contribute to pelvic organ prolapse. Pregnancy and childbirth are common causes, as the strain placed on the pelvic area during these events can weaken the muscles and tissues. Other risk factors include obesity, aging, chronic constipation, repetitive heavy lifting, and hormonal changes associated with menopause.
The symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse can vary depending on the extent and type of prolapse. Some women may experience a feeling of pressure or fullness in the pelvic area, similar to the sensation of something falling out of the vagina. Others may notice a bulge or protrusion at the opening of the vagina. Urinary symptoms such as frequent urination, urgency, and stress urinary incontinence (leakage of urine during physical activity or exertion) can also occur. In some cases, pelvic organ prolapse can lead to difficulty with bowel movements and even sexual dysfunction.
Treatment options for pelvic organ prolapse depend on the severity of symptoms and the impact on a person's quality of life. Non-surgical interventions often include pelvic floor exercises (also known as Kegel exercises) to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles. Lifestyle modifications, such as maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding heavy lifting, and managing chronic constipation, may also be recommended. In more severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair or restore the supportive structures of the pelvic organs.
